Access to clean, safe water is essential for health and well-being, but not all water sources are free from contaminants. Bacteria, mold, and harmful chemicals often make their way into household water systems, posing significant risks to health. Properly designed and maintained plumbing systems play a vital role in safeguarding against waterborne illnesses. From regular plumbing maintenance to installing water treatment solutions, homeowners have tools at their disposal to ensure their families' safety.

This blog explores the connection between well-maintained plumbing systems and reduced health risks. It also delves into the function and benefits of whole-house water filtration and treatment systems, shedding light on how these investments create healthier, safer homes. Be sure to also read our blog about why water treatment is important for your home.

Investing in proper plumbing maintenance and water treatment systems offers numerous benefits:

Clean water reduces the risk of waterborne illnesses, ensuring that household members, especially vulnerable individuals, are protected.

Filtration systems can remove contaminants that affect the taste and odor of water, making it more pleasant to drink.

Clean water reduces the buildup of minerals and contaminants, which can damage pipes and appliances over time.

Water treatment systems can reduce the need for bottled water, which contributes to plastic waste and environmental pollution.

Waterborne illnesses occur when a person ingests, breathes in, or comes into contact with contaminated water. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include diarrhea, vomiting, skin rashes, and respiratory issues. Some waterborne pathogens can cause life-threatening illnesses.

Water contamination comes in many forms, each presenting unique health risks. Below are different types of water contaminants, along with examples of each.

These are biological organisms that can cause illness, particularly gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases.

• Bacteria – E. coli, Salmonella, Legionella, Vibrio cholerae
• Viruses – Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus, Enterovirus
• Parasites – Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma gondii
• Fungi and Mold

Chemicals in water can be naturally occurring or introduced by human activity.

• Heavy Metals – Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium
• Pesticides and Herbicides – Glyphosate, Atrazine, DDT
• Industrial Chemicals – Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), benzene, toluene
• Nitrates and Nitrites – Fertilizers, septic systems
• Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) – Antibiotics, hormones, painkillers, detergents
• Chlorine and Chlorination Byproducts (CBPs) – Trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids

These affect the appearance and taste of water, but may also carry health risks.

• Sediment – Dirt, sand, and silt from soil erosion or pipe corrosion
• Microplastics – Tiny plastic fragments from degraded plastics

Radioactive elements (radionuclides) in water, such as uranium, radium, and radon, can occur naturally or through human activity.

These are carbon-based chemicals introduced by human activities or natural processes.

• Petroleum Products – Oil, gasoline, diesel
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – Chloroform, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene

These contaminants are present in the environment and may enter water supplies naturally.

• Minerals – Iron, manganese, fluoride
• Algae and Cyanotoxins – Blue-green algae (Microcystis), cyanobacteria
• Hydrogen Sulfide – Decaying organic matter in groundwater

Produced by living organisms, these contaminants pose severe health risks.

• Mycotoxins – Mold and fungi
• Botulinum Toxin – Clostridium botulinum

These are newly identified pollutants that may pose risks to health but are not yet fully regulated.

• Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) – PFOA, PFOS, found in non-stick cookware, firefighting foam
• Endocrine Disruptors – Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates

Contaminated water can enter a home's water supply through several pathways, often due to issues within the plumbing system or external environmental factors. Understanding these potential sources of contamination is key to preventing waterborne illnesses. Below are some common ways contaminated water can infiltrate a home's water supply, and solutions for each pathway:

Backflow occurs when water flows in the opposite direction within the plumbing system, potentially pulling contaminants from external sources into the clean water supply. This can happen due to a sudden drop in water pressure, often caused by events like pipe bursts, firefighting activities, or nearby construction.

Solution

Install backflow prevention devices, such as backflow preventers or check valves, on key areas of the plumbing system, including outdoor hoses, irrigation systems, and appliances. Regularly test and maintain these devices to ensure proper functioning.

Aging or poorly maintained plumbing systems can develop leaks or corrosion. These vulnerabilities allow contaminants from the surrounding environment, such as soil, sewage, or groundwater, to seep into the water supply.

Solution

Inspect plumbing systems regularly for leaks or signs of corrosion, such as discolored water or reduced water pressure. Replace old or damaged pipes with modern materials like PEX or copper, which are more resistant to leaks and corrosion.

A cross-connection exists when the potable water system connects to a non-potable source, such as a garden hose submerged in a bucket of fertilizer or a faulty irrigation system. Without proper backflow prevention devices, contaminants from these sources can enter the drinking water supply.

Solution

Avoid direct connections between potable (drinkable) and non-potable water sources. Use vacuum breakers or air gaps to separate these systems. For example, keep garden hoses out of standing water or chemicals, and ensure that appliances with water connections have built-in backflow prevention mechanisms.

For homes relying on private wells, contamination can occur if the well casing is cracked, improperly sealed, or located near sources of pollution, such as septic systems, agricultural runoff, or industrial waste.

Solution

Seal and maintain private wells properly to prevent contaminants from entering. Conduct regular water quality testing and keep the well at a safe distance from potential sources of pollution like septic tanks, livestock areas, or chemical storage. Install well caps and casing extensions as added barriers.

Municipal water main breaks can introduce contaminants into the water supply as dirt, bacteria, and other impurities infiltrate the damaged pipes. Water pressure fluctuations during repairs can exacerbate the problem, allowing pollutants to enter household plumbing.

Solution

When informed of a water main break in the area, avoid using tap water until repairs are completed and the water is tested. Boil water or use bottled water for drinking and cooking during this time. Installing a whole-house filtration system can also provide an extra layer of protection.

When water sits unused in pipes for extended periods, it creates a breeding ground for bacteria and other microorganisms, especially in dead-end sections of the plumbing system. This is common in homes with irregular water use or unused fixtures.

Solution

Flush unused pipes and fixtures regularly by running water for several minutes to clear out stagnant water. For homes with low water usage, consider installing automatic flushing systems or periodically using all fixtures to maintain water movement.

If a sewer line backs up or leaks near water supply lines, pathogens and harmful chemicals from the sewage can infiltrate the water system. This is particularly dangerous in flood-prone areas where sewage systems are overwhelmed.

Solution

Install backflow preventers on sewer lines to stop sewage from entering the water supply during backups. Regularly inspect and maintain your sewer system, and clean drains, to help prevent clogs or breaks. Ensure stormwater drainage is directed away from sewage lines to reduce overloading.

Although municipal water supplies are typically treated to meet safety standards, contaminants can still enter during the distribution process. Factors like aging infrastructure, insufficient water treatment, or environmental pollution (e.g., chemical spills) can compromise water quality before it reaches homes.

Solution

Use a whole-house water filtration system, such as a reverse osmosis system or activated carbon filter, to remove contaminants introduced during the distribution process. Stay informed about your municipal water quality by reviewing annual water quality reports and taking necessary precautions.

Sediment buildup or rust inside water heaters can leach contaminants into the hot water supply, affecting the overall quality of the water used for bathing, cleaning, and cooking.

Solution

Flush the water heater tank regularly to remove sediment buildup and rust. Replace anode rods as needed and schedule professional inspections to ensure the system operates efficiently. Consider upgrading to a tankless water heater if sediment buildup is a recurring issue.

Nearby industrial activities, agricultural runoff, or improper disposal of hazardous materials can introduce pollutants into local water sources. Homes drawing water from rivers, lakes, or groundwater are particularly vulnerable if these sources are not properly protected or treated.

Solution

Install advanced water treatment systems, such as reverse osmosis or UV purifiers, to remove or neutralize contaminants from external environmental sources. If you suspect pollution in your local water supply, report the issue to your local water authority or environmental protection agency.

Whole-house water treatment and filtration systems provide comprehensive solutions for eradicating bacteria, toxins, and other contaminants from a home's water supply. These systems are installed at the point where water enters the home, ensuring every faucet and appliance delivers clean, safe water. Here are some of the most effective whole-house water treatment methods:

Carbon filtration systems use activated carbon to remove contaminants, including chlorine, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and unpleasant odors or tastes. They are effective at improving water quality and reducing exposure to harmful chemicals.

How it Works
Activated carbon traps contaminants through adsorption, a process where pollutants adhere to the surface of the carbon particles. Multi-stage carbon filters may combine sediment filters and finer filtration media for additional contaminant removal.

Best For
Homes with municipal water containing chlorine or organic pollutants that affect taste and odor.

Reverse osmosis systems are highly effective in removing up to 99% of contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, nitrates, and other dissolved solids.

How it Works
Water is pushed through a semi-permeable membrane that filters out impurities. Pre-filters remove larger particles like sediment, while post-filters polish the water for optimal quality.

Best For
Homes with significant contamination concerns, such as high levels of lead, arsenic, or fluoride.

Ultraviolet (UV) water purifiers are designed to neutralize bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms without adding chemicals to the water.

How it Works
Water passes through a chamber where it is exposed to UV light, disrupting the DNA of microorganisms and rendering them harmless. UV systems are often used in conjunction with other filtration methods for comprehensive treatment.

Best For
Homes with private wells or concerns about microbial contamination.

Sediment filters are designed to capture particles like dirt, sand, and rust that can clog pipes, damage appliances, or compromise water quality.

How it Works
Water passes through a fine mesh or pleated cartridge that traps larger particles. Often used as a pre-filter to protect more advanced filtration systems.

Best For
Homes with visible particulates in the water, often from well systems or corroded municipal pipes.

Chemical injection systems are used to treat specific contaminants, such as iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, or bacteria.

How it Works
Chemicals like chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, or potassium permanganate are injected into the water to neutralize contaminants. The treated water then passes through a filter to remove the chemicals and byproducts.

Best For
Homes with iron or sulfur odors, or private wells requiring disinfection.

KDF filters are a specialized type of filtration media that use redox reactions to remove contaminants like chlorine, heavy metals, and hydrogen sulfide.

How it Works
Water passes through a copper-zinc alloy, which chemically transforms contaminants into harmless substances or traps them within the filter.

Best For
Homes with municipal water systems that contain high chlorine or metal levels.

Ion exchange systems, like those in water softeners, can also be adapted to target specific contaminants, such as heavy metals or nitrates.

How it Works
Contaminants are exchanged for safer ions, such as sodium or hydrogen, through resin beads inside the filter. The resin is periodically regenerated with a salt solution.

Best For
Homes with specific contamination concerns like lead or nitrates.

Water softeners remove hardness-causing minerals like calcium and magnesium, which can lead to scale buildup in pipes and appliances. While not specifically designed to remove bacteria or toxins, they improve the overall water quality and extend the lifespan of plumbing systems.

How it Works
An ion exchange process replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or potassium ions, softening the water. Advanced systems can also incorporate filtration elements for additional contaminant removal.

Best For
Homes with hard water that causes scale, soap inefficiency, or skin irritation.

Many whole-house water treatment systems combine multiple technologies for a comprehensive approach. For instance, a system may include sediment filtration, carbon filtration, UV purification, and water softening.

How it Works
Each stage targets a specific group of contaminants, providing a layered defense against a wide range of impurities.

Best For
Homes with diverse water quality issues requiring multi-faceted solutions.

Water Testing
Conduct a professional water quality test to determine the specific contaminants in your supply.

Flow Rate
Ensure the system can handle the household's water demand without reducing water pressure.

Maintenance Needs
Some systems require regular filter changes or chemical refills, while others, like UV systems, need periodic lamp replacements.

System Compatibility
Verify the system is suitable for your home's water source (municipal or well) and plumbing infrastructure.
By understanding your water quality needs and choosing the right combination of treatment and filtration methods, you can create a safer and healthier home environment for your family.

While professional plumbing services are essential for maintaining plumbing systems (which can save you money in the long run) and installing water treatment solutions, homeowners play a crucial role in promoting water safety. Simple habits like running faucets after periods of inactivity, using cold water for drinking and cooking, and regularly replacing water filters contribute to cleaner, safer water.

Additionally, staying informed about local water quality reports helps homeowners understand potential risks and take necessary precautions, such as upgrading their plumbing systems or investing in advanced filtration technologies.

As the world moves toward more sustainable living, the plumbing industry is embracing innovative technologies to enhance water safety. Smart plumbing systems now allow for real-time monitoring of water quality and leak detection, providing homeowners with tools to address issues before they escalate.

Incorporating eco-friendly practices, such as using low-flow fixtures and water-efficient appliances, also contributes to a healthier home environment by reducing water waste and minimizing the impact on municipal water supplies.

Plumbing systems play a crucial role in preventing waterborne illnesses by delivering clean, safe water to households. Regular maintenance and the installation of water treatment systems are essential for ensuring that water remains free from contaminants. By taking proactive steps to maintain and enhance their plumbing systems, homeowners can create healthier living environments for themselves and their families. Whether through simple maintenance tasks or advanced water treatment systems, the benefits of clean water are undeniable.